Voiceless alveolar plosive
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| IPA – number | 103 |
| IPA – text | t |
| IPA – image | |
| Entity | t |
| X-SAMPA | t |
| Kirshenbaum | t |
The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is t, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental version can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic (t̪; see voiceless dental plosive), and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation (t͇).
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (outside of Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar plosive when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǀu used in South Africa.[citation needed]
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[edit] Features
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| t | tenuis t |
| tʰ | aspirated t |
| tʲ | palatalized t |
| tʷ | labialized t |
| ⁿt | prenasalized t |
| tˁ | pharyngealized t |
| t̚ | unreleased t |
| tʼ | ejective t |
[edit] Occurrence
Present in nearly every language, the voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop is one of the most common phones cross-linguistically.[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Mandarin | 大/dà | [ta˥˩] | 'big' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology |
| Czech | toto | [toto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[2] | taal | [taːl] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | tick | [tʰɪk] | 'tick' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | parta | [pɑrtɑ] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental plosive. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[3] | tordu | [tɔʀdy] | 'crooked' | See French phonology | |
| German | Tochter | [ˈtʰɔxtɐ] | 'daughter' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | τρία | [ˈtria] | 'three' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | tutaj | [tutɒj] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[5] | 特別/tokubetsu | [tokɯbetsɯ] | 'special' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 턱/teok | [tʰʌk̚̚ ] | 'jaw' | See Korean phonology | |
| Malay | tahun | [tahun] | 'year' | ||
| Maltese | tassew | [tasˈsew] | 'true, correct' | ||
| Norwegian | tann | [tɑn] | 'tooth' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[6] | [taɾawa] | 'greedy' | |||
| Slovak | to | [to] | 'that' | ||
| Thai | ตา/ta | [taː˥˧] | 'eye' | ||
| Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw, defect' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967). "Perception of the speech code". Psychological Review 74 (6).
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Szende (1994:91)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
[edit] Bibliography
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
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